<b>NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF AC/DC EAF OPERATIONS: VALIDATION AND PERFORMANCE</b>

<p dir="ltr">This research presents an integrated CFD modeling framework for simulating and optimizing both AC and DC electric arc furnace (EAF) operations. The model captures key multiphysics processes such as arc heating, burner behavior, electrode motion, and scrap melting. Validated using industrial data from NLMK and SSAB, the simulations accurately reproduce melting rates and electrode dynamics, with less than 5% deviation in key parameters. Parametric studies highlight the influence of arc power and scrap conditions on melting efficiency. This work provides actionable insights for improving energy efficiency and process control in industrial-scale steelmaking.</p>